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2026
- STP varieties
- RSTP port roles and states
- PortFast and BPDU guard
- STP operation
- Redundant topologies and Layer 2 loops
- Issues in redundant topologies
- VLAN design considerations
- VLANs and access ports
- 802.1Q trunking
- Switch startup and verification
- VLSM: variable length subnet masking
- Verifying host IP settings
- Transport layer: TCP and UDP basics
- TCP vs UDP: reliable vs best effort
- Subnet increments and worked examples
- Reserved IPv4 addresses
- Public and private IPv4 addresses
- How HTTP works
- How DNS works
- How DHCP works
- Common ports and application protocols
- Subnetting: borrowing bits
- IPv4 address structure: network and host portions
- Unicast, broadcast, and multicast
- Subnet masks and the AND operation
- IP characteristics and binary conversion
- Half duplex, full duplex, and duplex configuration
- Frame switching and the MAC address table
- Switch benefits and characteristics
- Segments, collision domains, and switches
- LANs, WANs, and LAN components
- LAN components and functions
- Ethernet media: copper, fiber, and transceivers
- Ethernet frames, MAC addresses, and frame switching
- IOS CLI access, mode navigation
- Cisco IOS
- TCP/IP model layers
- Peer-to-peer communication and PDUs
- OSI to TCP/IP mapping and layer terminology
- OSI model, TCP/IP, and encapsulation
- Encapsulation and de-encapsulation
- Describing network traffic
- Network topologies and traffic characteristics
- Interpreting a network diagram
- Cisco CLI command reference
- Object storage
- NVMe over Fabrics
- iSCSI
- FCoE: Fibre Channel over Ethernet
- Fibre Channel part 4: redundancy and multipathing
- Fibre Channel part 3: fabric login
- Fibre Channel part 2: zoning and LUN masking
- Fibre Channel part 1: FCP and WWPN addressing
- SMB and CIFS
- NFS
- Comparing SAN and NAS storage
- What is a storage system
- Storage media types
- RAID levels
- Benefits of SAN and NAS storage
- Four dimensions, PESTLE, and frameworks
- The continual improvement model
- Value streams and complexity thinking
- Practices: change, delivery, control
- Practices: support and operations
- Value chain activities and sourcing patterns
- The seven guiding principles
- The ITIL Value System and governance
- Service relationships and journeys
- ITIL 5 key concepts
- AWS security services for AI
- Responsible AI, governance, and GenAI risks
- Amazon SageMaker
- AWS managed AI services
- ML project phases and hyperparameters
- Model fit and evaluation metrics
- Reinforcement learning and RLHF
- Machine learning fundamentals
- Amazon Q
- Prompt engineering
- Bedrock: RAG, agents, and features
- Generative AI and foundation models
- AWS and cloud computing basics
- What is artificial intelligence
- Governance and cost management
- Deployment and monitoring
- Defense in depth and Defender for Cloud
- RBAC, Zero Trust, Conditional Access
- Entra ID and authentication
- Storage security, transfer, and migration
- Azure Storage: types, tiers, redundancy
- Hybrid connectivity, load balancing, NSGs
- VNets, DNS, and endpoints
- Containers, Functions, and App Service
- Azure VMs and scaling
- Azure architecture: regions to ARM
- Pricing, SLAs, and cloud benefits
- IaaS, PaaS, SaaS, and shared responsibility
- Cloud concepts and models
2025